The TWNK gene provides instructions for making two very similar proteins called Twinkle and Twinky. These proteins are found in the mitochondria, which are structures in which a process called oxidative phosphorylation occurs to convert the energy fr READ MORE

The TXNL4A gene provides instructions for making one part (subunit) of a protein complex called the major spliceosome, which is the larger of two types of spliceosomes found in human cells. Spliceosomes help process messenger RNA (mRNA), which is a c READ MORE

The TYMP gene (previously known as ECGF1) provides instructions for making an enzyme called thymidine phosphorylase. Thymidine is a molecule known as a nucleoside. After a chemical modification, thymidine is used as a building block of DNA. Thymidine READ MORE

The TYR gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called tyrosinase. This enzyme is located in melanocytes, which are specialized cells that produce a pigment called melanin. Melanin is the substance that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. READ MORE

The TYROBP gene provides instructions for making the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding (TYROBP) protein. This protein is found in a variety of cells that are produced in bone marrow (myeloid cells) and other immune system cells (lymphoid cells). T READ MORE

The TYRP1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called tyrosinase-related protein 1. This enzyme is located in melanocytes, which are specialized cells that produce a pigment called melanin. Melanin is the substance that gives skin, hair, a READ MORE

The UBA1 gene provides instructions for making the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. This enzyme is necessary for the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which targets damaged or unneeded proteins to be broken down (degraded) within cells. Protein degradation READ MORE

The UBE3A gene provides instructions for making a protein called ubiquitin protein ligase E3A. Ubiquitin protein ligases are enzymes that target other proteins to be broken down (degraded) within cells. These enzymes attach a small molecule called ub READ MORE

The UBE3B gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is the cell machinery that breaks down (degrades) unwanted proteins. The UBE3B protein is called an E3 ubiquitin ligase. E3 ubiquiti READ MORE

The UCHL1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1. This enzyme is found in nerve cells throughout the brain. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 is probably involved in the cell machinery tha READ MORE

The UGT1A1 gene belongs to a family of genes that provide instructions for making enzymes called UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. These enzymes perform a chemical reaction called glucuronidation, in which a compound called glucuronic acid is attached (c READ MORE

The UMOD gene provides instructions for making a protein called uromodulin. This protein is only produced in a part of the kidney called the loop of Henle. This area of the kidney works to prevent the loss of important nutrients and minerals in urine READ MORE